//                      FastDelegate.h
//  Efficient delegates in C++ that generate only two lines of asm code!
//  Documentation is found at http://www.codeproject.com/cpp/FastDelegate.asp
//
//                      - Don Clugston, Mar 2004.
//      Major contributions were made by Jody Hagins.
// History:
// 24-Apr-04 1.0  * Submitted to CodeProject.
// 28-Apr-04 1.1  * Prevent most unsafe uses of evil static function hack.
//                * Improved syntax for horrible_cast (thanks Paul Bludov).
//                * Tested on Metrowerks MWCC and Intel ICL (IA32)
//                * Compiled, but not run, on Comeau C++ and Intel Itanium ICL.
//  27-Jun-04 1.2 * Now works on Borland C++ Builder 5.5
//                * Now works on /clr "managed C++" code on VC7, VC7.1
//                * Comeau C++ now compiles without warnings.
//                * Prevent the virtual inheritance case from being used on
//                    VC6 and earlier, which generate incorrect code.
//                * Improved warning and error messages. Non-standard hacks
//                   now have compile-time checks to make them safer.
//                * implicit_cast used instead of static_cast in many cases.
//                * If calling a const member function, a const class pointer
//                can be used.
//                * MakeDelegate() global helper function added to simplify
//                pass-by-value.
//                * Added fastdelegate.clear()
// 16-Jul-04 1.2.1* Workaround for gcc bug (const member function pointers in
// templates)
// 30-Oct-04 1.3  * Support for (non-void) return values.
//                * No more workarounds in client code!
//                   MSVC and Intel now use a clever hack invented by John
//                   Dlugosz:
//                   - The FASTDELEGATEDECLARE workaround is no longer
//                   necessary.
//                   - No more warning messages for VC6
//                * Less use of macros. Error messages should be more
//                comprehensible.
//                * Added include guards
//                * Added FastDelegate::empty() to test if invocation is safe
//                (Thanks Neville Franks).
//                * Now tested on VS 2005 Express Beta, PGI C++
// 24-Dec-04 1.4  * Added DelegateMemento, to allow collections of disparate
// delegates.
//                * <,>,<=,>= comparison operators to allow storage in ordered
//                containers.
//                * Substantial reduction of code size, especially the 'Closure'
//                class.
//                * Standardised all the compiler-specific workarounds.
//                * MFP conversion now works for CodePlay (but not yet supported
//                in the full code).
//                * Now compiles without warnings on _any_ supported compiler,
//                including BCC 5.5.1
//                * New syntax: FastDelegate< int (char *, double) >.
// 14-Feb-05 1.4.1* Now treats =0 as equivalent to .clear(), ==0 as equivalent
// to .empty(). (Thanks elfric).
//                * Now tested on Intel ICL for AMD64, VS2005 Beta for AMD64 and
//                Itanium.
// 30-Mar-05 1.5  * Safebool idiom: "if (dg)" is now equivalent to "if
// (!dg.empty())"
//                * Fully supported by CodePlay VectorC
//                * Bugfix for Metrowerks: empty() was buggy because a valid MFP
//                can be 0 on MWCC!
//                * More optimal assignment,== and != operators for static
//                function pointers.

#ifndef FASTDELEGATE_H
#define FASTDELEGATE_H
#if _MSC_VER > 1000
#pragma once
#endif  // _MSC_VER > 1000

#include <memory.h>  // to allow <,> comparisons

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Configuration options
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Uncomment the following #define for optimally-sized delegates.
// In this case, the generated asm code is almost identical to the code you'd
// get
// if the compiler had native support for delegates.
// It will not work on systems where sizeof(dataptr) < sizeof(codeptr).
// Thus, it will not work for DOS compilers using the medium model.
// It will also probably fail on some DSP systems.
#define FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK

// Uncomment the next line to allow function declarator syntax.
// It is automatically enabled for those compilers where it is known to work.
//#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Compiler identification for workarounds
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Compiler identification. It's not easy to identify Visual C++ because
// many vendors fraudulently define Microsoft's identifiers.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MWERKS__) && !defined(__VECTOR_C) && \
    !defined(__ICL) && !defined(__BORLANDC__)
#define FASTDLGT_ISMSVC

#if (_MSC_VER < 1300)  // Many workarounds are required for VC6.
#define FASTDLGT_VC6
#pragma warning(disable : 4786)  // disable this ridiculous warning
#endif

#endif

// Does the compiler uses Microsoft's member function pointer structure?
// If so, it needs special treatment.
// Metrowerks CodeWarrior, Intel, and CodePlay fraudulently define Microsoft's
// identifier, _MSC_VER. We need to filter Metrowerks out.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MWERKS__)
#define FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP

#if !defined(__VECTOR_C)
// CodePlay doesn't have the __single/multi/virtual_inheritance keywords
#define FASTDLGT_HASINHERITANCE_KEYWORDS
#endif
#endif

// Does it allow function declarator syntax? The following compilers are known
// to work:
#if defined(FASTDLGT_ISMSVC) && (_MSC_VER >= 1310)  // VC 7.1
#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
#endif

// Gcc(2.95+), and versions of Digital Mars, Intel and Comeau in common use.
#if defined(__DMC__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__ICL) || defined(__COMO__)
#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
#endif

// It works on Metrowerks MWCC 3.2.2. From boost.Config it should work on
// earlier ones too.
#if defined(__MWERKS__)
#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
#endif

#ifdef __GNUC__  // Workaround GCC bug #8271
// At present, GCC doesn't recognize constness of MFPs in templates
#define FASTDELEGATE_GCC_BUG_8271
#endif

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      General tricks used in this code
//
// (a) Error messages are generated by typdefing an array of negative size to
//     generate compile-time errors.
// (b) Warning messages on MSVC are generated by declaring unused variables, and
//      enabling the "variable XXX is never used" warning.
// (c) Unions are used in a few compiler-specific cases to perform illegal
// casts.
// (d) For Microsoft and Intel, when adjusting the 'this' pointer, it's cast to
//     (char *) first to ensure that the correct number of *bytes* are added.
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Helper templates
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

namespace fastdelegate {
namespace detail {  // we'll hide the implementation details in a nested
                    // namespace.

//      implicit_cast< >
// I believe this was originally going to be in the C++ standard but
// was left out by accident. It's even milder than static_cast.
// I use it instead of static_cast<> to emphasize that I'm not doing
// anything nasty.
// Usage is identical to static_cast<>
template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
inline OutputClass implicit_cast(InputClass input) {
  return input;
}

//      horrible_cast< >
// This is truly evil. It completely subverts C++'s type system, allowing you
// to cast from any class to any other class. Technically, using a union
// to perform the cast is undefined behaviour (even in C). But we can see if
// it is OK by checking that the union is the same size as each of its members.
// horrible_cast<> should only be used for compiler-specific workarounds.
// Usage is identical to reinterpret_cast<>.

// This union is declared outside the horrible_cast because BCC 5.5.1
// can't inline a function with a nested class, and gives a warning.
template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
union horrible_union {
  OutputClass out;
  InputClass in;
};

template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
inline OutputClass horrible_cast(const InputClass input) {
  horrible_union<OutputClass, InputClass> u;
  // Cause a compile-time error if in, out and u are not the same size.
  // If the compile fails here, it means the compiler has peculiar
  // unions which would prevent the cast from working.
  // typedef int ERROR_CantUseHorrible_cast[sizeof(InputClass)==sizeof(u)
  //  && sizeof(InputClass)==sizeof(OutputClass) ? 1 : -1];
  u.in = input;
  return u.out;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Workarounds
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Backwards compatibility: This macro used to be necessary in the virtual
// inheritance
// case for Intel and Microsoft. Now it just forward-declares the class.
#define FASTDELEGATEDECLARE(CLASSNAME) class CLASSNAME;

// Prevent use of the static function hack with the DOS medium model.
#ifdef __MEDIUM__
#undef FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK
#endif

//          DefaultVoid - a workaround for 'void' templates in VC6.
//
//  (1) VC6 and earlier do not allow 'void' as a default template argument.
//  (2) They also doesn't allow you to return 'void' from a function.
//
// Workaround for (1): Declare a dummy type 'DefaultVoid' which we use
//   when we'd like to use 'void'. We convert it into 'void' and back
//   using the templates DefaultVoidToVoid<> and VoidToDefaultVoid<>.
// Workaround for (2): On VC6, the code for calling a void function is
//   identical to the code for calling a non-void function in which the
//   return value is never used, provided the return value is returned
//   in the EAX register, rather than on the stack.
//   This is true for most fundamental types such as int, enum, void *.
//   Const void * is the safest option since it doesn't participate
//   in any automatic conversions. But on a 16-bit compiler it might
//   cause extra code to be generated, so we disable it for all compilers
//   except for VC6 (and VC5).
#ifdef FASTDLGT_VC6
// VC6 workaround
typedef const void* DefaultVoid;
#else
// On any other compiler, just use a normal void.
typedef void DefaultVoid;
#endif

// Translate from 'DefaultVoid' to 'void'.
// Everything else is unchanged
template <class T>
struct DefaultVoidToVoid {
  typedef T type;
};

template <>
struct DefaultVoidToVoid<DefaultVoid> {
  typedef void type;
};

// Translate from 'void' into 'DefaultVoid'
// Everything else is unchanged
template <class T>
struct VoidToDefaultVoid {
  typedef T type;
};

template <>
struct VoidToDefaultVoid<void> {
  typedef DefaultVoid type;
};

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Fast Delegates, part 1:
//
//      Conversion of member function pointer to a standard form
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// GenericClass is a fake class, ONLY used to provide a type.
// It is vitally important that it is never defined, so that the compiler
// doesn't
// think it can optimize the invocation. For example, Borland generates simpler
// code if it knows the class only uses single inheritance.

// Compilers using Microsoft's structure need to be treated as a special case.
#ifdef FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP

#ifdef FASTDLGT_HASINHERITANCE_KEYWORDS
// For Microsoft and Intel, we want to ensure that it's the most efficient type
// of MFP
// (4 bytes), even when the /vmg option is used. Declaring an empty class
// would give 16 byte pointers in this case....
class __single_inheritance GenericClass;
#endif
// ...but for Codeplay, an empty class *always* gives 4 byte pointers.
// If compiled with the /clr option ("managed C++"), the JIT compiler thinks
// it needs to load GenericClass before it can call any of its functions,
// (compiles OK but crashes at runtime!), so we need to declare an
// empty class to make it happy.
// Codeplay and VC4 can't cope with the unknown_inheritance case either.
class GenericClass {};
#else
class GenericClass;
#endif

// The size of a single inheritance member function pointer.
const int SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE = sizeof(void (GenericClass::*)());

//                      SimplifyMemFunc< >::Convert()
//
//  A template function that converts an arbitrary member function pointer into
//  the
//  simplest possible form of member function pointer, using a supplied 'this'
//  pointer.
//  According to the standard, this can be done legally with reinterpret_cast<>.
//  For (non-standard) compilers which use member function pointers which vary
//  in size
//  depending on the class, we need to use  knowledge of the internal structure
//  of a
//  member function pointer, as used by the compiler. Template specialization is
//  used
//  to distinguish between the sizes. Because some compilers don't support
//  partial
//  template specialisation, I use full specialisation of a wrapper struct.

// general case -- don't know how to convert it. Force a compile failure
template <int N>
struct SimplifyMemFunc {
  template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
  inline static GenericClass* Convert(X* pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind,
                                      GenericMemFuncType& bound_func) {
    // Unsupported member function type -- force a compile failure.
    // (it's illegal to have a array with negative size).
    // typedef char ERROR_Unsupported_member_function_pointer_on_this_compiler[N
    // - 100];
    return 0;
  }
};

// For compilers where all member func ptrs are the same size, everything goes
// here.
// For non-standard compilers, only single_inheritance classes go here.
template <>
struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE> {
  template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
  inline static GenericClass* Convert(X* pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind,
                                      GenericMemFuncType& bound_func) {
#if defined __DMC__
    // Digital Mars doesn't allow you to cast between abitrary PMF's,
    // even though the standard says you can. The 32-bit compiler lets you
    // static_cast through an int, but the DOS compiler doesn't.
    bound_func = horrible_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(function_to_bind);
#else
    bound_func = reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(function_to_bind);
#endif
    return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass*>(pthis);
  }
};

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Fast Delegates, part 1b:
//
//                  Workarounds for Microsoft and Intel
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Compilers with member function pointers which violate the standard (MSVC,
// Intel, Codeplay),
// need to be treated as a special case.
#ifdef FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP

// We use unions to perform horrible_casts. I would like to use #pragma
// pack(push, 1)
// at the start of each function for extra safety, but VC6 seems to ICE
// intermittently if you do this inside a template.

// __multiple_inheritance classes go here
// Nasty hack for Microsoft and Intel (IA32 and Itanium)
template <>
struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + sizeof(int)> {
  template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
  inline static GenericClass* Convert(X* pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind,
                                      GenericMemFuncType& bound_func) {
    // We need to use a horrible_cast to do this conversion.
    // In MSVC, a multiple inheritance member pointer is internally defined as:
    union {
      XFuncType func;
      struct {
        GenericMemFuncType funcaddress;  // points to the actual member function
        int delta;  // #BYTES to be added to the 'this' pointer
      } s;
    } u;
    // Check that the horrible_cast will work
    typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast
        [sizeof(function_to_bind) == sizeof(u.s) ? 1 : -1];
    u.func = function_to_bind;
    bound_func = u.s.funcaddress;
    return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(pthis) +
                                           u.s.delta);
  }
};

// virtual inheritance is a real nuisance. It's inefficient and complicated.
// On MSVC and Intel, there isn't enough information in the pointer itself to
// enable conversion to a closure pointer. Earlier versions of this code didn't
// work for all cases, and generated a compile-time error instead.
// But a very clever hack invented by John M. Dlugosz solves this problem.
// My code is somewhat different to his: I have no asm code, and I make no
// assumptions about the calling convention that is used.

// In VC++ and ICL, a virtual_inheritance member pointer
// is internally defined as:
struct MicrosoftVirtualMFP {
  void (GenericClass::*codeptr)();  // points to the actual member function
  int delta;                        // #bytes to be added to the 'this' pointer
  int vtable_index;                 // or 0 if no virtual inheritance
};
// The CRUCIAL feature of Microsoft/Intel MFPs which we exploit is that the
// m_codeptr member is *always* called, regardless of the values of the other
// members. (This is *not* true for other compilers, eg GCC, which obtain the
// function address from the vtable if a virtual function is being called).
// Dlugosz's trick is to make the codeptr point to a probe function which
// returns the 'this' pointer that was used.

// Define a generic class that uses virtual inheritance.
// It has a trival member function that returns the value of the 'this' pointer.
struct GenericVirtualClass : virtual public GenericClass {
  typedef GenericVirtualClass* (GenericVirtualClass::*ProbePtrType)();
  GenericVirtualClass* GetThis() { return this; }
};

// __virtual_inheritance classes go here
template <>
struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 2 * sizeof(int)> {
  template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
  inline static GenericClass* Convert(X* pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind,
                                      GenericMemFuncType& bound_func) {
    union {
      XFuncType func;
      GenericClass* (X::*ProbeFunc)();
      MicrosoftVirtualMFP s;
    } u;
    u.func = function_to_bind;
    bound_func = reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(u.s.codeptr);
    union {
      GenericVirtualClass::ProbePtrType virtfunc;
      MicrosoftVirtualMFP s;
    } u2;
    // Check that the horrible_cast<>s will work
    typedef int
        ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(function_to_bind) == sizeof(u.s) &&
                                           sizeof(function_to_bind) ==
                                               sizeof(u.ProbeFunc) &&
                                           sizeof(u2.virtfunc) == sizeof(u2.s)
                                       ? 1
                                       : -1];
    // Unfortunately, taking the address of a MF prevents it from being inlined,
    // so
    // this next line can't be completely optimised away by the compiler.
    u2.virtfunc = &GenericVirtualClass::GetThis;
    u.s.codeptr = u2.s.codeptr;
    return (pthis->*u.ProbeFunc)();
  }
};

#if (_MSC_VER < 1300)

// Nasty hack for Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
// unknown_inheritance classes go here
// There is a compiler bug in MSVC6 which generates incorrect code in this
// case!!
template <>
struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 3 * sizeof(int)> {
  template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
  inline static GenericClass* Convert(X* pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind,
                                      GenericMemFuncType& bound_func) {
    // There is an apalling but obscure compiler bug in MSVC6 and earlier:
    // vtable_index and 'vtordisp' are always set to 0 in the
    // unknown_inheritance case!
    // This means that an incorrect function could be called!!!
    // Compiling with the /vmg option leads to potentially incorrect code.
    // This is probably the reason that the IDE has a user interface for
    // specifying
    // the /vmg option, but it is disabled -  you can only specify /vmg on
    // the command line. In VC1.5 and earlier, the compiler would ICE if it ever
    // encountered this situation.
    // It is OK to use the /vmg option if /vmm or /vms is specified.

    // Fortunately, the wrong function is only called in very obscure cases.
    // It only occurs when a derived class overrides a virtual function declared
    // in a virtual base class, and the member function
    // points to the *Derived* version of that function. The problem can be
    // completely averted in 100% of cases by using the *Base class* for the
    // member fpointer. Ie, if you use the base class as an interface, you'll
    // stay out of trouble.
    // Occasionally, you might want to point directly to a derived class
    // function
    // that isn't an override of a base class. In this case, both vtable_index
    // and 'vtordisp' are zero, but a virtual_inheritance pointer will be
    // generated.
    // We can generate correct code in this case. To prevent an incorrect call
    // from
    // ever being made, on MSVC6 we generate a warning, and call a function to
    // make the program crash instantly.
    typedef char ERROR_VC6CompilerBug[-100];
    return 0;
  }
};

#else

// Nasty hack for Microsoft and Intel (IA32 and Itanium)
// unknown_inheritance classes go here
// This is probably the ugliest bit of code I've ever written. Look at the
// casts!
// There is a compiler bug in MSVC6 which prevents it from using this code.
template <>
struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 3 * sizeof(int)> {
  template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
  inline static GenericClass* Convert(X* pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind,
                                      GenericMemFuncType& bound_func) {
    // The member function pointer is 16 bytes long. We can't use a normal cast,
    // but
    // we can use a union to do the conversion.
    union {
      XFuncType func;
      // In VC++ and ICL, an unknown_inheritance member pointer
      // is internally defined as:
      struct {
        GenericMemFuncType
            m_funcaddress;  // points to the actual member function
        int delta;          // #bytes to be added to the 'this' pointer
        int vtordisp;       // #bytes to add to 'this' to find the vtable
        int vtable_index;   // or 0 if no virtual inheritance
      } s;
    } u;
    // Check that the horrible_cast will work
    typedef int
        ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(XFuncType) == sizeof(u.s) ? 1 : -1];
    u.func = function_to_bind;
    bound_func = u.s.funcaddress;
    int virtual_delta = 0;
    if (u.s.vtable_index) {  // Virtual inheritance is used
      // First, get to the vtable.
      // It is 'vtordisp' bytes from the start of the class.
      const int* vtable = *reinterpret_cast<const int* const*>(
          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(pthis) + u.s.vtordisp);

      // 'vtable_index' tells us where in the table we should be looking.
      virtual_delta =
          u.s.vtordisp +
          *reinterpret_cast<const int*>(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(vtable) +
                                        u.s.vtable_index);
    }
    // The int at 'virtual_delta' gives us the amount to add to 'this'.
    // Finally we can add the three components together. Phew!
    return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(pthis) +
                                           u.s.delta + virtual_delta);
  };
};
#endif  // MSVC 7 and greater

#endif  // MS/Intel hacks

}  // namespace detail

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Fast Delegates, part 2:
//
//  Define the delegate storage, and cope with static functions
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// DelegateMemento -- an opaque structure which can hold an arbitary delegate.
// It knows nothing about the calling convention or number of arguments used by
// the function pointed to.
// It supplies comparison operators so that it can be stored in STL collections.
// It cannot be set to anything other than null, nor invoked directly:
//   it must be converted to a specific delegate.

// Implementation:
// There are two possible implementations: the Safe method and the Evil method.
//              DelegateMemento - Safe version
//
// This implementation is standard-compliant, but a bit tricky.
// A static function pointer is stored inside the class.
// Here are the valid values:
// +-- Static pointer --+--pThis --+-- pMemFunc-+-- Meaning------+
// |   0                |  0       |   0        | Empty          |
// |   !=0              |(dontcare)|  Invoker   | Static function|
// |   0                |  !=0     |  !=0*      | Method call    |
// +--------------------+----------+------------+----------------+
//  * For Metrowerks, this can be 0. (first virtual function in a
//       single_inheritance class).
// When stored stored inside a specific delegate, the 'dontcare' entries are
// replaced
// with a reference to the delegate itself. This complicates the = and ==
// operators
// for the delegate class.

//              DelegateMemento - Evil version
//
// For compilers where data pointers are at least as big as code pointers, it is
// possible to store the function pointer in the this pointer, using another
// horrible_cast. In this case the DelegateMemento implementation is simple:
// +--pThis --+-- pMemFunc-+-- Meaning---------------------+
// |    0     |  0         | Empty                         |
// |  !=0     |  !=0*      | Static function or method call|
// +----------+------------+-------------------------------+
//  * For Metrowerks, this can be 0. (first virtual function in a
//       single_inheritance class).
// Note that the Sun C++ and MSVC documentation explicitly state that they
// support static_cast between void * and function pointers.

class DelegateMemento {
 protected:
  // the data is protected, not private, because many
  // compilers have problems with template friends.
  typedef void (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFuncType)();  // arbitrary MFP.
  detail::GenericClass* m_pthis;
  GenericMemFuncType m_pFunction;

#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
  typedef void (*GenericFuncPtr)();  // arbitrary code pointer
  GenericFuncPtr m_pStaticFunction;
#endif

 public:
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
  DelegateMemento() : m_pthis(0), m_pFunction(0), m_pStaticFunction(0){};
  void clear() {
    m_pthis = 0;
    m_pFunction = 0;
    m_pStaticFunction = 0;
  }
#else
  DelegateMemento() : m_pthis(0), m_pFunction(0){};
  void clear() {
    m_pthis = 0;
    m_pFunction = 0;
  }
#endif
 public:
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
  inline bool IsEqual(const DelegateMemento& x) const {
    // We have to cope with the static function pointers as a special case
    if (m_pFunction != x.m_pFunction) return false;
    // the static function ptrs must either both be equal, or both be 0.
    if (m_pStaticFunction != x.m_pStaticFunction) return false;
    if (m_pStaticFunction != 0)
      return m_pthis == x.m_pthis;
    else
      return true;
  }
#else  // Evil Method
  inline bool IsEqual(const DelegateMemento& x) const {
    return m_pthis == x.m_pthis && m_pFunction == x.m_pFunction;
  }
#endif
  // Provide a strict weak ordering for DelegateMementos.
  inline bool IsLess(const DelegateMemento& right) const {
// deal with static function pointers first
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
    if (m_pStaticFunction != 0 || right.m_pStaticFunction != 0)
      return m_pStaticFunction < right.m_pStaticFunction;
#endif
    if (m_pthis != right.m_pthis) return m_pthis < right.m_pthis;
    // There are no ordering operators for member function pointers,
    // but we can fake one by comparing each byte. The resulting ordering is
    // arbitrary (and compiler-dependent), but it permits storage in ordered STL
    // containers.
    return memcmp(&m_pFunction, &right.m_pFunction, sizeof(m_pFunction)) < 0;
  }
  // BUGFIX (Mar 2005):
  // We can't just compare m_pFunction because on Metrowerks,
  // m_pFunction can be zero even if the delegate is not empty!
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return m_pthis == 0 && m_pFunction == 0;
  }
  inline bool empty() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return m_pthis == 0 && m_pFunction == 0;
  }

 public:
  DelegateMemento& operator=(const DelegateMemento& right) {
    SetMementoFrom(right);
    return *this;
  }
  inline bool operator<(const DelegateMemento& right) { return IsLess(right); }
  inline bool operator>(const DelegateMemento& right) {
    return right.IsLess(*this);
  }
  DelegateMemento(const DelegateMemento& right)
      : m_pthis(right.m_pthis),
        m_pFunction(right.m_pFunction)
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
        ,
        m_pStaticFunction(right.m_pStaticFunction)
#endif
  {
  }

 protected:
  void SetMementoFrom(const DelegateMemento& right) {
    m_pFunction = right.m_pFunction;
    m_pthis = right.m_pthis;
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
    m_pStaticFunction = right.m_pStaticFunction;
#endif
  }
};

//                      ClosurePtr<>
//
// A private wrapper class that adds function signatures to DelegateMemento.
// It's the class that does most of the actual work.
// The signatures are specified by:
// GenericMemFunc: must be a type of GenericClass member function pointer.
// StaticFuncPtr:  must be a type of function pointer with the same signature
//                 as GenericMemFunc.
// UnvoidStaticFuncPtr: is the same as StaticFuncPtr, except on VC6
//                 where it never returns void (returns DefaultVoid instead).

// An outer class, FastDelegateN<>, handles the invoking and creates the
// necessary typedefs.
// This class does everything else.

namespace detail {

template <class GenericMemFunc, class StaticFuncPtr, class UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>
class ClosurePtr : public DelegateMemento {
 public:
  // These functions are for setting the delegate to a member function.

  // Here's the clever bit: we convert an arbitrary member function into a
  // standard form. XMemFunc should be a member function of class X, but I can't
  // enforce that here. It needs to be enforced by the wrapper class.
  template <class X, class XMemFunc>
  inline void bindmemfunc(X* pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
    m_pthis = SimplifyMemFunc<sizeof(function_to_bind)>::Convert(
        pthis, function_to_bind, m_pFunction);
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
    m_pStaticFunction = 0;
#endif
  }
  // For const member functions, we only need a const class pointer.
  // Since we know that the member function is const, it's safe to
  // remove the const qualifier from the 'this' pointer with a const_cast.
  // VC6 has problems if we just overload 'bindmemfunc', so we give it a
  // different name.
  template <class X, class XMemFunc>
  inline void bindconstmemfunc(const X* pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
    m_pthis = SimplifyMemFunc<sizeof(function_to_bind)>::Convert(
        const_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind, m_pFunction);
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
    m_pStaticFunction = 0;
#endif
  }
#ifdef FASTDELEGATE_GCC_BUG_8271  // At present, GCC doesn't recognize constness
                                  // of MFPs in templates
  template <class X, class XMemFunc>
  inline void bindmemfunc(const X* pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
    bindconstmemfunc(pthis, function_to_bind);
#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)
    m_pStaticFunction = 0;
#endif
  }
#endif
  // These functions are required for invoking the stored function
  inline GenericClass* GetClosureThis() const { return m_pthis; }
  inline GenericMemFunc GetClosureMemPtr() const {
    return reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFunc>(m_pFunction);
  }

// There are a few ways of dealing with static function pointers.
// There's a standard-compliant, but tricky method.
// There's also a straightforward hack, that won't work on DOS compilers using
// the
// medium memory model. It's so evil that I can't recommend it, but I've
// implemented it anyway because it produces very nice asm code.

#if !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)

  //              ClosurePtr<> - Safe version
  //
  // This implementation is standard-compliant, but a bit tricky.
  // I store the function pointer inside the class, and the delegate then
  // points to itself. Whenever the delegate is copied, these self-references
  // must be transformed, and this complicates the = and == operators.
 public:
  // The next two functions are for operator ==, =, and the copy constructor.
  // We may need to convert the m_pthis pointers, so that
  // they remain as self-references.
  template <class DerivedClass>
  inline void CopyFrom(DerivedClass* pParent, const DelegateMemento& x) {
    SetMementoFrom(x);
    if (m_pStaticFunction != 0) {
      // transform self references...
      m_pthis = reinterpret_cast<GenericClass*>(pParent);
    }
  }
  // For static functions, the 'static_function_invoker' class in the parent
  // will be called. The parent then needs to call GetStaticFunction() to find
  // out
  // the actual function to invoke.
  template <class DerivedClass, class ParentInvokerSig>
  inline void bindstaticfunc(DerivedClass* pParent,
                             ParentInvokerSig static_function_invoker,
                             StaticFuncPtr function_to_bind) {
    if (function_to_bind == 0) {  // cope with assignment to 0
      m_pFunction = 0;
    } else {
      bindmemfunc(pParent, static_function_invoker);
    }
    m_pStaticFunction = reinterpret_cast<GenericFuncPtr>(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline UnvoidStaticFuncPtr GetStaticFunction() const {
    return reinterpret_cast<UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>(m_pStaticFunction);
  }
#else

  //              ClosurePtr<> - Evil version
  //
  // For compilers where data pointers are at least as big as code pointers, it
  // is
  // possible to store the function pointer in the this pointer, using another
  // horrible_cast. Invocation isn't any faster, but it saves 4 bytes, and
  // speeds up comparison and assignment. If C++ provided direct language
  // support
  // for delegates, they would produce asm code that was almost identical to
  // this.
  // Note that the Sun C++ and MSVC documentation explicitly state that they
  // support static_cast between void * and function pointers.

  template <class DerivedClass>
  inline void CopyFrom(DerivedClass* pParent, const DelegateMemento& right) {
    SetMementoFrom(right);
  }
  // For static functions, the 'static_function_invoker' class in the parent
  // will be called. The parent then needs to call GetStaticFunction() to find
  // out
  // the actual function to invoke.
  // ******** EVIL, EVIL CODE! *******
  template <class DerivedClass, class ParentInvokerSig>
  inline void bindstaticfunc(DerivedClass* pParent,
                             ParentInvokerSig static_function_invoker,
                             StaticFuncPtr function_to_bind) {
    if (function_to_bind == 0) {  // cope with assignment to 0
      m_pFunction = 0;
    } else {
      // We'll be ignoring the 'this' pointer, but we need to make sure we pass
      // a valid value to bindmemfunc().
      bindmemfunc(pParent, static_function_invoker);
    }

    // WARNING! Evil hack. We store the function in the 'this' pointer!
    // Ensure that there's a compilation failure if function pointers
    // and data pointers have different sizes.
    // If you get this error, you need to #undef
    // FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK.
    // typedef int ERROR_CantUseEvilMethod[sizeof(GenericClass*) ==
    // sizeof(function_to_bind) ? 1 : -1];
    m_pthis = horrible_cast<GenericClass*>(function_to_bind);
    // MSVC, SunC++ and DMC accept the following (non-standard) code:
    //      m_pthis = static_cast<GenericClass *>(static_cast<void
    //      *>(function_to_bind));
    // BCC32, Comeau and DMC accept this method. MSVC7.1 needs __int64 instead
    // of long
    //      m_pthis = reinterpret_cast<GenericClass
    //      *>(reinterpret_cast<long>(function_to_bind));
  }
  // ******** EVIL, EVIL CODE! *******
  // This function will be called with an invalid 'this' pointer!!
  // We're just returning the 'this' pointer, converted into
  // a function pointer!
  inline UnvoidStaticFuncPtr GetStaticFunction() const {
    // Ensure that there's a compilation failure if function pointers
    // and data pointers have different sizes.
    // If you get this error, you need to #undef
    // FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK.
    // typedef int ERROR_CantUseEvilMethod[sizeof(UnvoidStaticFuncPtr) ==
    // sizeof(this) ? 1 : -1];
    return horrible_cast<UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>(this);
  }
#endif  // !defined(FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK)

  // Does the closure contain this static function?
  inline bool IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(StaticFuncPtr funcptr) {
    if (funcptr == 0) return empty();
    // For the Evil method, if it doesn't actually contain a static function,
    // this will return an arbitrary
    // value that is not equal to any valid function pointer.
    else
      return funcptr == reinterpret_cast<StaticFuncPtr>(GetStaticFunction());
  }
};

}  // namespace detail

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Fast Delegates, part 3:
//
//              Wrapper classes to ensure type safety
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Once we have the member function conversion templates, it's easy to make the
// wrapper classes. So that they will work with as many compilers as possible,
// the classes are of the form
//   FastDelegate3<int, char *, double>
// They can cope with any combination of parameters. The max number of
// parameters
// allowed is 8, but it is trivial to increase this limit.
// Note that we need to treat const member functions seperately.
// All this class does is to enforce type safety, and invoke the delegate with
// the correct list of parameters.

// Because of the weird rule about the class of derived member function
// pointers,
// you sometimes need to apply a downcast to the 'this' pointer.
// This is the reason for the use of "implicit_cast<X*>(pthis)" in the code
// below.
// If CDerivedClass is derived from CBaseClass, but doesn't override
// SimpleVirtualFunction,
// without this trick you'd need to write:
//      MyDelegate(static_cast<CBaseClass *>(&d),
//      &CDerivedClass::SimpleVirtualFunction);
// but with the trick you can write
//      MyDelegate(&d, &CDerivedClass::SimpleVirtualFunction);

// RetType is the type the compiler uses in compiling the template. For VC6,
// it cannot be void. DesiredRetType is the real type which is returned from
// all of the functions. It can be void.

// Implicit conversion to "bool" is achieved using the safe_bool idiom,
// using member data pointers (MDP). This allows "if (dg)..." syntax
// Because some compilers (eg codeplay) don't have a unique value for a zero
// MDP, an extra padding member is added to the SafeBool struct.
// Some compilers (eg VC6) won't implicitly convert from 0 to an MDP, so
// in that case the static function constructor is not made explicit; this
// allows "if (dg==0) ..." to compile.

// N=0
template <class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate0 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)();
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)();
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)();
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate0 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate0() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate0(const FastDelegate0& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate0& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate0& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate0& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate0& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate0& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate0(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)()) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)()) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate0(const Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)() const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)() const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate0(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)()) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)()) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)()) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate0::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()() const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))();
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction() const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))();
  }
};

// N=1
template <class Param1, class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate1 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate1 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate1() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate1(const FastDelegate1& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate1& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate1& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate1& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate1& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate1& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate1(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate1(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate1(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate1::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1);
  }
};

// N=2
template <class Param1, class Param2, class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate2 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate2 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate2() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate2(const FastDelegate2& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate2& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate2& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate2& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate2& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate2& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate2(Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1,
                                                                   Param2 p2)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate2(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)
                    const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)
                       const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate2(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate2::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1,
                                                                         p2);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2);
  }
};

// N=3
template <class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate3 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                        Param3 p3);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate3 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate3() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate3(const FastDelegate3& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate3& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate3& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate3& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate3& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate3& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate3(Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate3(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate3(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                   Param3 p3)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                    Param3 p3)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate3::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2,
                                                                         p3);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3);
  }
};

// N=4
template <class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4,
          class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate4 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                              Param4 p4);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                             Param4 p4);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                        Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate4 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate4() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate4(const FastDelegate4& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate4& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate4& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate4& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate4& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate4& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate4(Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                                 Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate4(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4)
                    const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3, Param4 p4)
                       const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate4(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                   Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                    Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate4::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(
        p1, p2, p3, p4);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                               Param4 p4) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4);
  }
};

// N=5
template <class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5,
          class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate5 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                              Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                             Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                        Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                        Param5 p5);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate5 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate5() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate5(const FastDelegate5& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate5& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate5& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate5& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate5& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate5& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate5(Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                         Param5 p5)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate5(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                         Param5 p5) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate5(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                   Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                   Param5 p5)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                    Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                    Param5 p5)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate5::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                     Param5 p5) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(
        p1, p2, p3, p4, p5);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                               Param5 p5) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5);
  }
};

// N=6
template <class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5,
          class Param6, class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate6 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                              Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                             Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                        Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                        Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate6 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate6() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate6(const FastDelegate6& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate6& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate6& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate6& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate6& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate6& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate6(Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                                 Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                 Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate6(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5, Param6 p6)
                    const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                         Param5 p5, Param6 p6)
                       const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate6(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                   Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                   Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                    Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                    Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate6::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5,
                     Param6 p6) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(
        p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                               Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6);
  }
};

// N=7
template <class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5,
          class Param6, class Param7, class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate7 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                              Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                              Param7 p7);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                             Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                             Param7 p7);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                        Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                        Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                        Param7 p7);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate7 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate7() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate7(const FastDelegate7& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate7& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate7& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate7& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate7& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate7& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate7(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                              Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                              Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                                 Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                 Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate7(const Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                                    Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                    Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                         Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                         Param7 p7) const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate7(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                   Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                   Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                   Param7 p7)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                    Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                    Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                    Param7 p7)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                      Param7 p7)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate7::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5,
                     Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(
        p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                               Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7);
  }
};

// N=8
template <class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5,
          class Param6, class Param7, class Param8,
          class RetType = detail::DefaultVoid>
class FastDelegate8 {
 private:
  typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
  typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                              Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                              Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
  typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                             Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                             Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
  typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                        Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                        Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                        Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
  typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr,
                             UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr>
      ClosureType;
  ClosureType m_Closure;

 public:
  // Typedefs to aid generic programming
  typedef FastDelegate8 type;

  // Construction and comparison functions
  FastDelegate8() { clear(); }
  FastDelegate8(const FastDelegate8& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  void operator=(const FastDelegate8& x) {
    m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator==(const FastDelegate8& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator!=(const FastDelegate8& x) const {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator<(const FastDelegate8& x) const {
    return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);
  }
  bool operator>(const FastDelegate8& x) const {
    return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);
  }
  // Binding to non-const member functions
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate8(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                              Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                              Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(Y* pthis, DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(
                                 Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                 Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
    m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);
  }
  // Binding to const member functions.
  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate8(const Y* pthis,
                DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                      Param7 p7, Param8 p8)
                    const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  template <class X, class Y>
  inline void bind(const Y* pthis,
                   DesiredRetType (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                         Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                         Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                         Param7 p7, Param8 p8)
                       const) {
    m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis),
                               function_to_bind);
  }
  // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
  // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
  FastDelegate8(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                   Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                   Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                   Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
  void operator=(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                    Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                    Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                    Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
    bind(function_to_bind);
  }
  inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                      Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                                      Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                                      Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
    m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate8::InvokeStaticFunction,
                             function_to_bind);
  }
  // Invoke the delegate
  RetType operator()(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5,
                     Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const {
    return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(
        p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8);
  }
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
 private:
  typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
    int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
    StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
  } UselessTypedef;
  typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;

 public:
  operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
    return empty() ? 0 : &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
  }
  // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
  inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
    return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);
  }
  inline bool operator!() const {  // Is it bound to anything?
    return !m_Closure;
  }
  inline bool empty() const { return !m_Closure; }
  void clear() { m_Closure.clear(); }
  // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
  const DelegateMemento& GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
  void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento& any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }

 private:  // Invoker for static functions
  RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                               Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7,
                               Param8 p8) const {
    return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8);
  }
};

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Fast Delegates, part 4:
//
//              FastDelegate<> class (Original author: Jody Hagins)
//  Allows boost::function style syntax like:
//          FastDelegate< double (int, long) >
// instead of:
//          FastDelegate2< int, long, double >
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#ifdef FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX

// Declare FastDelegate as a class template.  It will be specialized
// later for all number of arguments.
template <typename Signature>
class FastDelegate;

// N=0
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R (  ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate0 < R >
template <typename R>
class FastDelegate<R()>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate0 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate0
    : public FastDelegate0<R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate0<R> BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis, R (X::*function_to_bind)())
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis, R (X::*function_to_bind)() const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)()) : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=1
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate1 < Param1, R >
template <typename R, class Param1>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate1 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate1
    : public FastDelegate1<Param1, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate1<Param1, R> BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis, R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis, R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=2
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate2 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate2
    : public FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, R> BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis, R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=3
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2, Param3)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate3 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate3
    : public FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, R> BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=4
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate4 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate4
    : public FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R> BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis, R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2,
                                                  Param3 p3, Param4 p4))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                     Param4 p4))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=5
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4,
          class Param5>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate5 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate5
    : public FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R> BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                     Param5 p5))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=6
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4,
          class Param5, class Param6>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate6 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate6
    : public FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R>
      BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                     Param5 p5, Param6 p6))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=7
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4,
          class Param5, class Param6, class Param7>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate7 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate7
    : public FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6,
                           Param7, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                        R>
      BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                        Param7 p7))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                        Param7 p7) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                     Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

// N=8
// Specialization to allow use of
// FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
// Param8 ) >
// instead of
// FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
// Param8, R >
template <typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4,
          class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8>
class FastDelegate<R(Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                     Param8)>
    // Inherit from FastDelegate8 so that it can be treated just like a
    // FastDelegate8
    : public FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6,
                           Param7, Param8, R> {
 public:
  // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
  typedef FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                        Param8, R>
      BaseType;

  // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
  typedef FastDelegate SelfType;

  // Mimic the base class constructors.
  FastDelegate() : BaseType() {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                        Param7 p7, Param8 p8))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  template <class X, class Y>
  FastDelegate(const Y* pthis,
               R (X::*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                        Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                        Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind) {}

  FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                     Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7,
                                     Param8 p8))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind) {}
  void operator=(const BaseType& x) { *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
};

#endif  // FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                      Fast Delegates, part 5:
//
//              MakeDelegate() helper function
//
//          MakeDelegate(&x, &X::func) returns a fastdelegate of the type
//          necessary for calling x.func() with the correct number of arguments.
//          This makes it possible to eliminate many typedefs from user code.
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Also declare overloads of a MakeDelegate() global function to
// reduce the need for typedefs.
// We need seperate overloads for const and non-const member functions.
// Also, because of the weird rule about the class of derived member function
// pointers,
// implicit downcasts may need to be applied later to the 'this' pointer.
// That's why two classes (X and Y) appear in the definitions. Y must be
// implicitly
// castable to X.

// Workaround for VC6. VC6 needs void return types converted into DefaultVoid.
// GCC 3.2 and later won't compile this unless it's preceded by 'typename',
// but VC6 doesn't allow 'typename' in this context.
// So, I have to use a macro.

#ifdef FASTDLGT_VC6
#define FASTDLGT_RETTYPE detail::VoidToDefaultVoid<RetType>::type
#else
#define FASTDLGT_RETTYPE RetType
#endif

// N=0
template <class X, class Y, class RetType>
FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)()) {
  return FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class RetType>
FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)() const) {
  return FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=1
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class RetType>
FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1)) {
  return FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class RetType>
FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1) const) {
  return FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=2
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class RetType>
FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
  return FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class RetType>
FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) {
  return FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=3
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class RetType>
FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) {
  return FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class RetType>
FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) {
  return FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=4
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class RetType>
FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
  return FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x,
                                                                         func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class RetType>
FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(
    Y* x,
    RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) {
  return FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x,
                                                                         func);
}

// N=5
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class RetType>
FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                      Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) {
  return FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5,
                       FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class RetType>
FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                      Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) {
  return FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5,
                       FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=6
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType>
FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                      Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
  return FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6,
                       FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType>
FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                      Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) {
  return FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6,
                       FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=7
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType>
FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
              FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x,
             RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
  return FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                       FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType>
FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
              FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x,
             RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) {
  return FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                       FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// N=8
template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8,
          class RetType>
FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8,
              FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x,
             RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4,
                                Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
  return FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                       Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3,
          class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8,
          class RetType>
FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8,
              FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>
MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3,
                                      Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6,
                                      Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) {
  return FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7,
                       Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
}

// clean up after ourselves...
#undef FASTDLGT_RETTYPE

}  // namespace fastdelegate

#endif  // !defined(FASTDELEGATE_H)
